Therefore fractional distillation, which is carried out in the fractionating. We say that the crude oil is separated into fractions. This page describes the separation of useful products from crude oil by the process of fractional distillation, part of the oil refining process in the petrochemical industry. Use the diagram to help you to explain how crude oil is separated into fractions.
The resulting fractions have different uses depending on their properties, and some fractions are more useful than others. Industrially petrolgasoline 40 c naptha chemicals petroleum is a mixture. With this in mind, its easy to conclude that fractional distillation has greatly contributed to the advancement and modernization of. Distillation can contribute to more than 50% of plant operating costs.
The substances in crude oil are miscible therefore they do not separate out into layers. The specific method for this separation in crude oil is known as fractional distillation. However, the basic categories of distilled products are. The vacuum system includes a 2stage mechanical vacuum pump, cold trap, pressure sensor and proportional control valve. Fractional distillation of crude oil experiment oresome.
The experiment time depends on the age and experience of the students. The biggest molecules start to condense first and are collected. I was wondering whether distillation of crude oil always yields the same ratios of fuel or if that ratio can be influenced. How does fractional distillation of crude oil work. In the petroleum engineering industry it is formedrefined into products such as gasoline, liquified. When a mixture of two liquids of different boiling points is heated to its boiling point, the vapour. The systems automation minimizes the operator time needed. Oil and gas rigs, extraction, fractional distillation, and storage tanks pyridine or azine or. Introduction petroleum also called crude oil astm test method d4175 meaning literally rock oil is the term used to describe a. New feed is always being added to the distillation column and products are. Crude oil crude oil is an unrefined petroleum product made up of hydrocarbon deposits. Attached is also a worksheet for the class to complete outlining the properties at each different fraction. Crude oil is used to produce many useful materials.
In fraction distillation, the different parts of a substance are separated by taking advantage of their different boiling points. The fractional distillation process starts by heating up the material to over 400 degrees celsius in order to vaporize it. Cracking is used to convert long alkanes into shorter, more useful hydrocarbons. Fractional distillation of crude oil animated science. Why can crude oil be separated using fractional distillation. Fractional distillation of crude oil when crude oil reaches the re. This is done by a process called fractional distillation. Crude oil contains a mixture of hydrocarbons grouped into fractions with different boiling points. Making crude oil useful fractional distillation and cracking. This is carried out in a crude oil distillation column where the feed to, and the products from, the unit is a continuous operation. Fractional distillation of crude oil diagram stock vector.
As the gas travels through a long cylinder, it begins to cool down. The fractionating column is packed with glass beads or something similar to give the maximum possible surface area for vapour to condense on. The cdu is often referred to as the atmospheric distillation unit. At the refinery these are separated into fractions which are more useful. Fractional distillation of crude oil teaching resources. Diagram showing fractional distillation crude oil fractional distillation, oil refining infographic fractional distillation vector illustration.
Fractional distillation of crude oil free download as word doc. Fractional distillation how oil refining works howstuffworks. Pdf distillation process of crude oil researchgate. Crude oil separation techniques by prezi user on prezi. Fractional distillation of crude oil refining uses of. Which are the products of fractional distillation of crude. Eric hagenimana 10thfebruary, 2015 a00015905 che 310 group members. Compared with the gasoline fraction, the heavy gas oil fraction is a. Then, the vapor goes into the bottom of a fractionating column.
Fractional distillation of crude oil gcse secondary. The main hydrocarbons in crude oil include, aromatics, alkenes, paraffins and cycloalkenes. On the right, you can see several chemical processors. Explaindescribe the process of fractional distillation in. Apr 30, 2016 mini project for mass transfer 1 done by 6 unikl micet student generally about fractional distillation of crude oil process. Oil and gas rigs, extraction, fractional distillation, and storage tanks pyridine or azine or azabenzene chemist with his apparatus. As every hydrocarbon in petroleum has it a particular boiling point, by doing so, they will separate out and then be collected. The crude oil fractional distillation published on june, 2015 june, 2015 3,021 likes 116 comments.
I know very little about chemistry and just randomly picked numbers here. Fractional distillation organic chemistry, organic. The word petroleum is composed of two latin words petra means rock and oleum means oil. Very few of the components come out of the fractional distillation column ready for market. Its purpose is to increase the distance that the vapor must travel to reach the condenser. Fractional distillation is used to separate the fractions of hydrocarbons present in crude oil. The crude oil is heated to temperatures up to 1112 fahrenheit. Crude oil is useless until we separate this mixture using fractional distillation.
Those with the lowest boiling points evaporate first and those with the highest boiling points. The crude oil distillation unit cdu is the first processing unit in virtually all petroleum refineries. Illustration of illustration, product, system 103307400. Oct 21, 2016 crude oil is composed of a complex mix of hydrocarbons, so the products formed from fractional distillation will also be a mix of these complex molecules.
Crude oil distillation can be complex and time consuming. If you want to see the bigger picture involved in oil, get a new perspective with this course on exploring the complexities of globalization and how. Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which one or more fractions of the compound will vaporize. May 23, 2016 simple summary with illustration of the fractional distillation column of what happens to the physical and chemical properties of the hydrocarbons condensing at different temperatures ie how the compounds change as they rise up the column and condense as they cool the higher up the column they go with lower and lower boiling points. Fractional distillation of crude oil cracking chemistry petroleum. Fractional distillation is used to refine crude oil and produce diesel, kerosene, gasoline, naphtha used in creating chemicals, and bitumen used for roofs and roads. Fractional distillation is carried out by heating the petroleum to 400 c. Fractional distillation is useful for separating a mixture of 28 substances with narrow differences in boiling points, and is the most important step in the refining process. Crude oil fractional distillation linkedin slideshare. Scaffolding is used so that students gain an understanding of these key terms so that they can eventually write their own paragraph, explaining how fractional distillation works. Lesson organisation this is best done as a class experiment but can be used as a demonstration.
Crude oils vary in color, from clear to tarblack, and in viscosity, from water to almost solid. The columns are typically packed with glass beads or pieces of ceramic to increases the surface area. While the process of refining crude oil is nowhere near as complex as the process for harnessing nuclear energy, it is still quite ingenious and offers an inside look at one of our most controversial, essential commodities. Fractional distillation is useful for separating a mixture of substances with narrow differences in boiling points, and is the most important step in the refining process. In such columns, the liquid is vaporized or flashed in a lower flash zone, and flash vapor is. Crude oil is composed of a complex mix of hydrocarbons, so the products formed from fractional distillation will also be a mix of these complex molecules. In order to understand this process, we can look at what happens when we distil crude oil in the lab, as shown in fig. The distillation process of crude oil is the main concern of this paper. Briefly, the distillation of crude oil is normally carried out in multiple stage fractional distillation columns having a number of side raw product streams. Making crude oil usefulfractional distillation and cracking. Once it enters the modern refinery, crude oil goes through a process called fractional distillation. Fractional distillation crude oil ot44 petroskills. The fractional distillation of crude oil produces a number of different fractions. There is an interactive diagram that could be used as a whole class labelling activity, or to check answers for self assessment.
Qwc 6 mark answer practice secondary science 4 all. Illustration about fractional distillation of crude oil diagram illustration. This process separates the different components of crude oil so that they can be further refined. As the temperature of crude oil increases, different hydrocarbons are separated. Industrial distillation columns do not provide perfectly sharp separations initial calculations using crude oil assays assume that all materials at a certain boiling point goes to one product or another imperfect separations result in light. Please wash your hands and practise social distancing. Nov 09, 2014 the worksheet supports students in using the key terms. In fractional distillation, all of the crude oil goes under extreme heating, changing almost all of it into a gas. The gases enter a fractionating column and the liquid bit,bitumen, is drained off at the bottom. Crude oil fractional distillation straightforward cut and paste worksheet summarising the fractionating column. This is a tank that makes the oil boil and turn to vapor, much like boiling water turns into water vapor. The oil refining process starts with a fractional distillation column. The cdu distills the incoming crude oil into various fractions of different boiling ranges, each of which are then processed further in the other refinery processing units.
But first the useful ones must be extracted from the crude oil and separated from one another. Therefore, distillation is a feasible separation technique. In most cases, the distillation is operated at a continuous steady state. Fractional distillation of crude oil abstract in this particular lab, crude oil provided was heated at high temperature at atmospheric pressure in order to boil the crude oil. The distillation tower is arranged with a stack of chambers at different. Each fraction contains hydrocarbon molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms and. The separation of essential oils, crude oil and solvent recycling are oftenly use spinning band distillation to get the high purity fractions. Nov 1, 2017 fractional distillation of crude oil poster a3 nov 1, 2017 fractional distillation of crude oil poster a3 nov 1, 2017 fractional distillation of crude oil poster a3 stay safe and healthy. The fractional separation of citronella, cajeput, and patchouli crude. This foundational course shows how crude oil is converted by fractional distillation to premium quality gasoline, diesel, kerosene, jet fuel, lubes, and subsequent chemical refinery unit feedstocks.
Fractional distillation of crude oil the student room. You should use the words evaporated and condensed in. Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that can be split into different component parts called fractions by fractional distillation. Well email you at these times to remind you to study. The operator can input a vacuum set point from 100 mmhg to 0. Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and a number of different compounds whose composition varies according to its place of occurrence. The systems automation minimizes the operator time needed to perform the test. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Fractional distillation involves the higher boiled fractions collect near the bottom of the column while the lower boiling temps rise to the top of the fraction tray.
Feb 28, 2016 fractional distillation and refining of petroleum 1. The majority of the use we get out of crude oil is as fuel. Analytical methods and techniques applied to crude oil and. Which are the products of fractional distillation of crude oil. Fractional distillation of crude oil flashcards quizlet.
Well look at the refining process in a broader view and then break down the steps involved in fractional distillation. Jun 12, 2016 crude oil distillation simplified process shows in animation that how crude oil process is separates the the crude oil in its basic components before refining them to end product. Fractional distillation of crude oil in an oil refinery and. Distillation of crude oil above 200 c must be performed at reduced pressures. This is a comprehensive lesson on fractional distillation in line with the 0654 syllabus for the cambridge igcse program. Crude oil is made up of various hydrocarbons, each of which has its own boiling point. A simple explanation on the fractional distillation of crude oil into its constituent hydrocarbon compounds. Fractional distillation begins when the crude oil, which is a mixture of different hydrocarbons, is put into a highpressure steam boiler.
You basically heat crude oil up, let it vaporize and then condense the vapour the various components of crude oil have different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures. You should use the words evaporated and condensed in your answer. Many useful products can be made from these hydrocarbons. The various components of crude oil have different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures. As the vapour hydrocarbon gases condense back into liquids, the column sorts the di. Fractional distillation of petroleum linkedin slideshare. Petrol and other fuels are produced from it using fractional distillation. A typical lab fractional distillation would look like this. Our crude oil distillation system includes everything needed to perform the astm methods, d2892 and d5236, for distilling crude oil. C1 fractional distillation of crude oil teaching resources. It is during this part of the fractional distillation process that the. The crude oil is heated and the longer chain of alkanes that have a high boiling point will rise out of the bubble cap, but when it reaches its fraction level higher up where its cooler, the vapour condenses and runs out of the distiller. The first step in refining crude oil is known as fractional distillation. When this happens, all the crude oil evaporates and the vapour or gas rises through the column.
Fractional distillation involves separating the crude oil into its different parts. Modal of fractional distillation of crude oil process youtube. In general, shorter chain hydrocarbons are more useful than longer chains. When crude oil reaches the oil refinery it is a thick black, smelly liquid. Crude oil provides the starting raw material for making lots of different chemicals for a variety of uses. The various components of crude oil have different siz es, weights and boiling temperatures. The different compounds in crude oil are separated by fractional distillation. This distillation system is designed for the distillation of crude oil and petroleum products. In the distillation process, the crude oil feed is first heated by exchanging heat with some of the hot products leaving the column. The aim of this experiment was to determine the distillation characteristics of crude oil that is the volume of distillate of crude oil which yielded naphtha, kerosene and straight run gasoline and also the distillation loss of crude oil during the.
The worksheet supports students in using the key terms. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 1. Gcse aqa c1 fractional distillation aqa gcse chemistry c1 exam 10th july 2014 fractional distillation. The vapors will tend to rise until they reach the chamber where they. At an oil refinery, the various hydrocarbons are separated into mixtures of compounds with similar boiling points. A fractional distillation setup includes an additional column that sits vertically on top of the boiling flask and to which the condenser is connected. Check out our resources for adapting to these times.